Duanesburg is a census-designated place within the town of Duanesburg in Schenectady County, New York, United States. The name of the CDP is the name of a hamlet in that region of the town. The town is named after James Duane, founder of the settlement. Duane served in the Continental Congress, as Mayor of New York City, and first federal judge of the district of New York. The census provides separate or additional population and demographic data for the more densely populated central settlement described by the CDP. The population was 391 at the 2010 census.